Apparatus and method to facilitate an iterative, machine learning based traffic classification

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model. Other embodiments are disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/535,180 filed on Aug. 8, 2019. All sections of the aforementioned application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject disclosure relates to an apparatus and method to facilitate an iterative, machine learning based traffic classification.

BACKGROUND

The ability to properly classify traffic on a network is an important aspect of maintaining and operating the network. For example, a proper classification of the traffic enables a network operator/service provider (e.g., access network providers, core network providers, cloud providers, and content delivery providers) to increase/enhance a quality of experience (QoE)/user experience in relation to services provided over the network, while simultaneously decreasing/reducing the number of network resources that are required/needed. In this respect, an ability to properly classify traffic on a network is an important parameter in relation to network efficiency and scale.

As networks continue to be placed into operational service or expanded, the amount of total traffic over such networks tends to increase. Thus, it is generally impractical/inefficient to manually examine every item of traffic that may traverse a network in order to classify each item. In this regard, a header of a traffic item may include metadata describing a class/category of the traffic item. This header may be examined via, e.g., a probe or other network element, in order to identify the metadata (and thus, the class/category of the traffic item). However, increasingly traffic is being encrypted prior to being transmitted/traversing a network in view of privacy considerations and in an effort to prevent unauthorized third-parties from accessing the traffic. Thus, network operators/service provides are unable to classify/categorize encrypted traffic items via the use of a probe or network element as set forth above.

Still further, a machine learning/deep learning (ML/DL) model-based approach has been suggested, whereby during a training/calibration phase labeled/tagged traffic traverses the network. Labels/Tags of the labeled/tagged traffic specify predefined categories/classes of traffic, such that a model is able to decipher/determine/learn patterns in traffic according to the specified category/class of the traffic. In subsequent phases, the model predicts a category/class of unlabeled/untagged traffic based on what the model learns during the training/calibration phase.

While effective in theory, the aforementioned model-based approach is ineffective in classifying unlabeled/untagged traffic in practical applications/environments due to at least: (1) cost considerations (e.g., a use of a limited number of labeled sets/items of traffic that are available during the training/calibration phase), and (2) the introduction of new or enhanced traffic (which may originate from new or enhanced applications) that the model classifies with poor results/accuracy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a communications network in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 2B depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a mobile network platform in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a communication device in accordance with various aspects described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrative embodiments for classifying network traffic in accordance with one or more classes or categories. Other embodiments are described in the subject disclosure.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram is shown illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a communications network 100 in accordance with various aspects described herein. For example, communications network 100 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction. Communications network 100 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score. Communications network 100 can facilitate in whole or in part applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model.

In FIG. 1, a communications network 125 is presented for providing broadband access 110 to a plurality of data terminals 114 via access terminal 112, wireless access 120 to a plurality of mobile devices 124 and vehicle 126 via base station or access point 122, voice access 130 to a plurality of telephony devices 134, via switching device 132 and/or media access 140 to a plurality of audio/video display devices 144 via media terminal 142. In addition, communication network 125 is coupled to one or more content sources 175 of audio, video, graphics, text and/or other media. While broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130 and media access 140 are shown separately, one or more of these forms of access can be combined to provide multiple access services to a single client device (e.g., mobile devices 124 can receive media content via media terminal 142, data terminal 114 can be provided voice access via switching device 132, and so on).

The communications network 125 includes a plurality of network elements (NE) 150, 152, 154, 156, etc. for facilitating the broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130, media access 140 and/or the distribution of content from content sources 175. The communications network 125 can include a circuit switched or packet switched network, a voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network, Internet protocol (IP) network, a cable network, a passive or active optical network, a 4G, 5G, or higher generation wireless access network, WIMAX network, UltraWideband network, personal area network or other wireless access network, a broadcast satellite network and/or other communications network.

In various embodiments, the access terminal 112 can include a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), optical line terminal (OLT) and/or other access terminal. The data terminals 114 can include personal computers, laptop computers, netbook computers, tablets or other computing devices along with digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, data over coax service interface specification (DOCSIS) modems or other cable modems, a wireless modem such as a 4G, 5G, or higher generation modem, an optical modem and/or other access devices.

In various embodiments, the base station or access point 122 can include a 4G, 5G, or higher generation base station, an access point that operates via an 802.11 standard such as 802.11n, 802.11ac or other wireless access terminal. The mobile devices 124 can include mobile phones, e-readers, tablets, phablets, wireless modems, and/or other mobile computing devices.

In various embodiments, the switching device 132 can include a private branch exchange or central office switch, a media services gateway, VoIP gateway or other gateway device and/or other switching device. The telephony devices 134 can include traditional telephones (with or without a terminal adapter), VoIP telephones and/or other telephony devices.

In various embodiments, the media terminal 142 can include a cable head-end or other TV head-end, a satellite receiver, gateway or other media terminal 142. The display devices 144 can include televisions with or without a set top box, personal computers and/or other display devices.

In various embodiments, the content sources 175 include broadcast television and radio sources, video on demand platforms and streaming video and audio services platforms, one or more content data networks, data servers, web servers and other content servers, and/or other sources of media.

In various embodiments, the communications network 125 can include wired, optical and/or wireless links and the network elements 150, 152, 154, 156, etc. can include service switching points, signal transfer points, service control points, network gateways, media distribution hubs, servers, firewalls, routers, edge devices, switches and other network nodes for routing and controlling communications traffic over wired, optical and wireless links as part of the Internet and other public networks as well as one or more private networks, for managing subscriber access, for billing and network management and for supporting other network functions.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a system 200 a. The system 200 a may function within, or be operatively overlaid upon, the communication network 100 of FIG. 1 in accordance with various aspects described herein. The system 200 a may be used to categorize/classify traffic/traffic items that is/are present in one or more networks. As an illustrative example, the system 200 a may be used to classify an item of traffic as a video item or a non-video item. Other categories/classifications may be used/provided/obtained in some embodiments.

For the sake of illustrative convenience/ease, the use/operation of the system 200 a is described below in relation to FIG. 2B. FIG. 2B depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method 200 b in accordance with various aspects described herein. One skilled in the art will appreciate, based on a review of this disclosure, that aspects of the method 200 b may be executed/implemented/practiced in conjunction with systems, devices, and components beyond what is shown in FIG. 2A. Similarly, the system 200 a may execute one or more methodological acts beyond what is described below in relation to FIG. 2B.

In blocks 204 b and 208 b, one or more models may be trained/established (block 208 b) based on/responsive to obtaining items of labeled/tagged traffic (block 204). As part of block 204 b, a counter (referred to hereinafter as a retry counter) may be initialized, illustratively to a value of zero. The role/function/purpose of the retry counter will become clearer in the disclosure that follows.

The labeled/tagged traffic of block 204 b may identify a predefined category/class of the traffic. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A a model training component 202 a may utilize/obtain as inputs items of labeled/tagged traffic 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2. The traffic item 206 a-1 may correspond to a first video traffic item and the traffic item 206 a-2 may correspond to a second video traffic item. The traffic item 210 a-1 may correspond to a first non-video traffic item and the traffic item 210 a-2 may correspond to a second non-video traffic item.

Video traffic items may include audiovisual aspects, whereas non-video traffic items may, illustratively, include only audio aspects (e.g., audio tracks such as music, books on tape, etc.), only visual aspects (e.g., still-frame images), text, etc. In some embodiments, the non-video traffic items may adhere/conform to file transfer protocol (FTP) traffic and/or file-sharing data-based traffic. In general, traffic/traffic items may be communicated between a client and a server on a network, between peer devices on a network, between processors of a distributed computing/processing environment, etc. The tags/labels of one or more of the traffic items 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2 may include an identification of a source (e.g., an originator and/or a distributor) of the respective traffic items 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2.

While four labeled traffic items 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2 are shown in FIG. 2A, in many embodiments the number/count of labeled traffic items may be different from (e.g., larger than) four in order to properly/sufficiently engage the model training component 202 a. As part of block 208 b, the model training component 202 a may assess/analyze/identify patterns in the labeled traffic items (e.g., the labeled traffic items 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2) in order to establish a relationship between those patterns and the categories/classes (e.g., video or non-video) of the labeled traffic items.

As part of block 208 b, the model training component 202 a may generate/establish a (working) model 214 a in the first instance. Thereafter, the working model 214 a may be used to categorize/classify an unknown/unlabeled traffic item (e.g., unlabeled traffic item 218 a) as described further below. Following the establishment of the working model 214 a in the first instance, the working model 214 a may be updated/modified/refined as described further below.

In block 212 b, the unlabeled traffic item 218 a may be obtained. For example, the unlabeled traffic item 218 a may be obtained based on the unlabeled traffic item 218 a being transmitted from one or more sources via one or more networks/network elements/network infrastructure. The unlabeled traffic item 218 a may be encrypted.

In block 216 b, the model 214 a may be applied to the unlabeled traffic item 218 a. Assuming that the unlabeled traffic item 218 a is encrypted, the model 214 a may be applied to the unlabeled traffic item 218 a as part of block 216 b without decrypting the unlabeled traffic item 218. As part of block 216 b, the model 214 a (or another element/component) may identify parameters of the unlabeled traffic item 218 a. The parameters may include: the number of bytes transmitted or received, potentially as a function of time (e.g., 10 bytes per timeslot in a first period of time, 25 bytes per timeslot in a second period of time, etc.), one or more server name indication (SNI) identifiers and/or domain name identifiers, a summary of (data of the) unlabeled traffic item 218 a in terms of throughput and/or duration, etc.

In block 220 b, and in response to the identification of the parameters in block 216 b, the model 214 a may generate a prediction 222 a in terms of a category/classification of the unlabeled traffic item 218 a. For example, as part of block 220 b, the parameters of block 216 b may be compared to the patterns identified in block 208 b to select a category/class for the unlabeled traffic item 218 a. In an exemplary embodiment, the unlabeled traffic item 218 a may be classified as a video item or a non-video item as part of block 220 b.

In block 224 b, one or more scores may be generated by, e.g., the model 214 a, in terms of the predicted category/class of block 220 b. A score generated in block 224 b may be representative of a confidence of the model 214 a in terms of the prediction of the category/class in block 220 b, and may be based on the comparison set forth above with respect to block 220 b. For example, if the comparison of block 220 b yields an exact or substantial match (e.g., a match that is greater than a threshold), confidence in the prediction of the category/class of the unlabeled traffic item 218 a as part of block 220 b may be ‘high’, whereas if the comparison of block 220 b yields a poor match (e.g., a match that is less than a threshold), confidence in the prediction of the category/class of the unlabeled traffic item 218 a as part of block 220 b may be ‘low’.

In block 228 b, a determination may be made whether the score/confidence of block 224 b (and/or block 244 b as described in further detail below) is greater than a first threshold. If so (e.g., the “yes” path is taken from block 228 b), flow may proceed from block 228 b to block 208 b. Otherwise (e.g., the “no” path is taken from block 228 b), flow may proceed from block 228 b to block 232 b.

As part of the flow from block 228 b to block 208 b, the unlabeled traffic 218 a (of block 212 b) may be treated similar to the labeled traffic (of block 204 b) in terms of an update/refinement/modification of the model 214 a via the model training component 202 a. Stated slightly differently, as part of the flow from block 228 b to block 208 b, the unlabeled traffic 218 a may effectively serve as another input (in addition to the labeled traffic items 206 a-1, 206 a-2, 210 a-1, and 210 a-2) to the model training component 202 a, such that the model 214 a generated/produced by the model training component 202 a may be refined/modified/updated in accordance with the unlabeled traffic 218 a. In this manner, the model 214 a may be updated in accordance with traffic that has an associated ‘high’ degree of categorization/classification tied to it. In other words, the model 214 a may be a ‘living’ model that is adapted over time as new/additional unlabeled traffic/traffic items is/are obtained. As the model 214 a is refined over time, any error in terms of the prediction of the classification/categorization block 220 b will tend to converge to zero; e.g., the model 214 a will become more accurate the more the model 214 a is used/exercised.

As part of the flow from block 228 b to block 208 b, the score/confidence of block 224 b (or block 244 b as described further below) may serve as a weight in terms of the refinement of the model that is obtained. For example, and assuming a score range from 1 to 100 (where 100 represents absolute certainty, e.g., the highest degree of confidence, and 1 represents the least degree of confidence), the labeled traffic of block 204 b may be assigned a weight of 100. Thus, the extent or degree to which the model 214 a is refined may be a function of the degree of confidence associated with an unlabeled traffic item. Unlabeled traffic items that have a high degree of confidence associated with them may more directly influence/impact the model than those unlabeled traffic items having a low degree of confidence associated with them.

In block 232 b, a determination may be made whether the score/confidence of block 224 b (and/or block 244 b as described in further detail below) is greater than a second threshold (where the second threshold of block 232 b is less than the first threshold of block 228 b). If so (e.g., the “yes” path is taken out of block 232 b), flow may proceed from block 232 b to block 236 b. Otherwise (e.g., the no” path is taken from block 232 b), flow may proceed from block 232 b to block 240 b.

The flow from block 232 b to block 240 b may signify that the confidence/score is “so low” so as to not warrant additional analysis/use of computing resources. In other words, unlike the scenario described above in respect of the flow from block 228 b to block 208 b (wherein the unlabeled traffic 218 a is used to update/modify/refine the model 214 a due to the high degree of confidence associated with the prediction of the categorization/classification in block 220 b), the flow from block 232 b to block 240 b may serve to ensure the integrity of the model 214 a by ensuring that low-confidence predictions of the categorizations/classifications of block 220 b do not influence/negatively impact the model 214 a.

In block 236 b, a determination may be made regarding whether the retry counter has a value that is greater than an associated threshold (referred to herein as a retry threshold). If so (e.g., the “yes” path is taken out of block 236 b), flow may proceed from block 236 b to block 240 b. Otherwise (e.g., the no” path is taken from block 236 b), flow may proceed from block 236 b to block 244 b.

The flow from block 236 b to block 240 b may be representative of a trade-off between attempting to incorporate the unlabeled traffic 218 a (having an associated medium-valued confidence/score [e.g., a confidence/score between the first threshold of block 228 b and the second threshold of block 232 b] as generated in block 224 b) as part of the model 214 a on the one hand versus preserving resources and the integrity of the model 214 a on the other hand. Based on a given application/environment at hand, the value of the retry threshold of block 236 b (and/or the second threshold of block 232 b) may be selected, accordingly, to facilitate an appropriate trade-off.

In block 244 b, the testing component 226 a may perform additional testing/verification on the unlabeled traffic 218 a to enhance the confidence/score of block 224 b (or the confidence/score generated as part of a prior execution of block 236 b with respect to the unlabeled traffic 218 a obtained in block 212 b). For example, as part of block 244 b the unlabeled traffic 218 a may be subject to additional algorithms, surveys/polling of different entities or computing devices, etc., in an effort to gain confidence as to whether the prediction of block 220 b is indeed accurate. As part of block 244 b, the retry counter may be incremented.

From block 244 b, flow may proceed to block 228 b. As part of that flow from block 244 b to block 228 b, the enhanced confidence obtained as part of block 244 b may be assessed relative to the first threshold. Stated slightly differently, following the first execution of blocks 228 b and 232 b with respect to the unlabeled traffic 218 a (of block 212 b), subsequent executions of the block 228 b and the block 232 b may utilize the enhanced confidence obtained as part of block 244 b (in lieu of the confidence generated in block 224 b).

In block 240 b, the method 200 b may end/terminate with respect to the unlabeled traffic 218 a of block 212 b. As described above, aspects of the block 240 b may serve to exclude the unlabeled traffic 218 a from influencing/impacting (a refinement of) the model 214 a.

While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in FIG. 2B, it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein.

Aspects of the method 200 b may be executed iteratively or repeatedly. For example, the method 200 b may be executed each time a new or additional traffic item is obtained.

As described herein, traffic that traverses a network may take one or more forms. For example, a traffic item may include control data, a payload/payload data, etc. A traffic item may pertain/relate to one or more applications, programs, systems, devices, components, etc. A traffic item may be encrypted or unencrypted in traversing at least part of a network infrastructure from a source to a destination.

As described herein, a model may be generated in a first instance in accordance with known/labeled categories/classes of traffic. The model may subsequently be refined/modified/updated, in accordance with a machine-learning based approach, in view of additional/new traffic that is obtained. In some embodiments, the model may be used to generate a prediction regarding a category/class associated with an unlabeled traffic item, and a confidence associated with the prediction. If the confidence is sufficiently high, the prediction may be used to drive an update to the model as warranted.

In accordance with aspects of this disclosure, a categorization/classification assigned to unlabeled traffic may serve as a parameter/input to a decision-making process regarding a utilization/allocation of one or more resources. For example, a network operator/service provider may select a first resource with a first parameter (e.g., a first transmission bandwidth) for a first category/class of traffic (e.g., video traffic) and may select a second resource with a second parameter (e.g., a second transmission bandwidth) for a second category/class of traffic (e.g., non-video traffic). More generally, the assignment of a category/class to unlabeled traffic may facilitate efficiency and scalability with respect to the operation and maintenance of one or more networks.

An assignment/allocation of a resource may include a selection of an operating parameter for the resource. A category/classification of traffic may serve as one of a plurality of factors/considerations in terms of an assignment/allocation of a resource. For example, other factors/considerations may include a volume/amount of the traffic, forecasted traffic, an identification of a date or time, an identification of a type (e.g., make or model) of device that is generating/transmitting and/or receiving traffic, a subscription plan or license agreement/arrangement in terms of, e.g., a quality of service parameter, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram 300 is shown illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular a virtualized communication network is presented that can be used to implement some or all of the subsystems and functions of communication network 100, the subsystems and functions of system 200 a, and method 200 b presented in FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B. For example, virtualized communication network 300 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction. Communication network 300 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score. Communication network 300 can facilitate in whole or in part applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model

In particular, a cloud networking architecture is shown that leverages cloud technologies and supports rapid innovation and scalability via a transport layer 350, a virtualized network function cloud 325 and/or one or more cloud computing environments 375. In various embodiments, this cloud networking architecture is an open architecture that leverages application programming interfaces (APIs); reduces complexity from services and operations; supports more nimble business models; and rapidly and seamlessly scales to meet evolving customer requirements including traffic growth, diversity of traffic types, and diversity of performance and reliability expectations.

In contrast to traditional network elements—which are typically integrated to perform a single function, the virtualized communication network employs virtual network elements (VNEs) 330, 332, 334, etc. that perform some or all of the functions of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156, etc. For example, the network architecture can provide a substrate of networking capability, often called Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) or simply infrastructure that is capable of being directed with software and Software Defined Networking (SDN) protocols to perform a broad variety of network functions and services. This infrastructure can include several types of substrates. The most typical type of substrate being servers that support Network Function Virtualization (NFV), followed by packet forwarding capabilities based on generic computing resources, with specialized network technologies brought to bear when general purpose processors or general purpose integrated circuit devices offered by merchants (referred to herein as merchant silicon) are not appropriate. In this case, communication services can be implemented as cloud-centric workloads.

As an example, a traditional network element 150 (shown in FIG. 1), such as an edge router can be implemented via a VNE 330 composed of NFV software modules, merchant silicon, and associated controllers. The software can be written so that increasing workload consumes incremental resources from a common resource pool, and moreover so that it's elastic: so the resources are only consumed when needed. In a similar fashion, other network elements such as other routers, switches, edge caches, and middle-boxes are instantiated from the common resource pool. Such sharing of infrastructure across a broad set of uses makes planning and growing infrastructure easier to manage.

In an embodiment, the transport layer 350 includes fiber, cable, wired and/or wireless transport elements, network elements and interfaces to provide broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130, media access 140 and/or access to content sources 175 for distribution of content to any or all of the access technologies. In particular, in some cases a network element needs to be positioned at a specific place, and this allows for less sharing of common infrastructure. Other times, the network elements have specific physical layer adapters that cannot be abstracted or virtualized, and might require special DSP code and analog front-ends (AFEs) that do not lend themselves to implementation as VNEs 330, 332 or 334. These network elements can be included in transport layer 350.

The virtualized network function cloud 325 interfaces with the transport layer 350 to provide the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. to provide specific NFVs. In particular, the virtualized network function cloud 325 leverages cloud operations, applications, and architectures to support networking workloads. The virtualized network elements 330, 332 and 334 can employ network function software that provides either a one-for-one mapping of traditional network element function or alternately some combination of network functions designed for cloud computing. For example, VNEs 330, 332 and 334 can include route reflectors, domain name system (DNS) servers, and dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) servers, system architecture evolution (SAE) and/or mobility management entity (MME) gateways, broadband network gateways, IP edge routers for IP-VPN, Ethernet and other services, load balancers, distributers and other network elements. Because these elements don't typically need to forward large amounts of traffic, their workload can be distributed across a number of servers—each of which adds a portion of the capability, and overall which creates an elastic function with higher availability than its former monolithic version. These virtual network elements 330, 332, 334, etc. can be instantiated and managed using an orchestration approach similar to those used in cloud compute services.

The cloud computing environments 375 can interface with the virtualized network function cloud 325 via APIs that expose functional capabilities of the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. to provide the flexible and expanded capabilities to the virtualized network function cloud 325. In particular, network workloads may have applications distributed across the virtualized network function cloud 325 and cloud computing environment 375 and in the commercial cloud, or might simply orchestrate workloads supported entirely in NFV infrastructure from these third party locations.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein. In order to provide additional context for various embodiments of the embodiments described herein, FIG. 4 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment 400 in which the various embodiments of the subject disclosure can be implemented. In particular, computing environment 400 can be used in the implementation of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156, access terminal 112, base station or access point 122, switching device 132, media terminal 142, and/or VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. Each of these devices can be implemented via computer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers, and/or in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. For example, computing environment 400 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction. Computing environment 400 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score. Computing environment 400 can facilitate in whole or in part applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model.

Generally, program modules comprise routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

As used herein, a processing circuit includes one or more processors as well as other application specific circuits such as an application specific integrated circuit, digital logic circuit, state machine, programmable gate array or other circuit that processes input signals or data and that produces output signals or data in response thereto. It should be noted that while any functions and features described herein in association with the operation of a processor could likewise be performed by a processing circuit.

The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be also practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which can comprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data or unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media comprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 4, the example environment can comprise a computer 402, the computer 402 comprising a processing unit 404, a system memory 406 and a system bus 408. The system bus 408 couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 406 to the processing unit 404. The processing unit 404 can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures can also be employed as the processing unit 404.

The system bus 408 can be any of several types of bus structure that can further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 406 comprises ROM 410 and RAM 412. A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 402, such as during startup. The RAM 412 can also comprise a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 402 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 414 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal HDD 414 can also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 416, (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette 418) and an optical disk drive 420, (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 422 or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The HDD 414, magnetic FDD 416 and optical disk drive 420 can be connected to the system bus 408 by a hard disk drive interface 424, a magnetic disk drive interface 426 and an optical drive interface 428, respectively. The hard disk drive interface 424 for external drive implementations comprises at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer 402, the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refers to a hard disk drive (HDD), a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of storage media which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such storage media can contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 412, comprising an operating system 430, one or more application programs 432, other program modules 434 and program data 436. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM 412. The systems and methods described herein can be implemented utilizing various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 402 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 438 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 440. Other input devices (not shown) can comprise a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 404 through an input device interface 442 that can be coupled to the system bus 408, but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 444 or other type of display device can be also connected to the system bus 408 via an interface, such as a video adapter 446. It will also be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, a monitor 444 can also be any display device (e.g., another computer having a display, a smart phone, a tablet computer, etc.) for receiving display information associated with computer 402 via any communication means, including via the Internet and cloud-based networks. In addition to the monitor 444, a computer typically comprises other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 402 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 448. The remote computer(s) 448 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically comprises many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 402, although, for purposes of brevity, only a remote memory/storage device 450 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted comprise wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 452 and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 454. Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 402 can be connected to the LAN 452 through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter 456. The adapter 456 can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 452, which can also comprise a wireless AP disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 456.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 402 can comprise a modem 458 or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN 454 or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 454, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 458, which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the system bus 408 via the input device interface 442. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 402 or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 450. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are example and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used.

The computer 402 can be operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This can comprise Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi can allow connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, ac, ag, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands for example or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in many offices.

Turning now to FIG. 5, an embodiment 500 of a mobile network platform 510 is shown that is an example of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156, and/or VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. For example, platform 510 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction. Platform 510 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score. Platform 510 can facilitate in whole or in part applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model.

In one or more embodiments, the mobile network platform 510 can generate and receive signals transmitted and received by base stations or access points such as base station or access point 122. Generally, mobile network platform 510 can comprise components, e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or disparate platforms, that facilitate both packet-switched (PS) (e.g., internet protocol (IP), frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) and circuit-switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data), as well as control generation for networked wireless telecommunication. As a non-limiting example, mobile network platform 510 can be included in telecommunications carrier networks, and can be considered carrier-side components as discussed elsewhere herein. Mobile network platform 510 comprises CS gateway node(s) 512 which can interface CS traffic received from legacy networks like telephony network(s) 540 (e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN), or public land mobile network (PLMN)) or a signaling system #7 (SS7) network 560. CS gateway node(s) 512 can authorize and authenticate traffic (e.g., voice) arising from such networks. Additionally, CS gateway node(s) 512 can access mobility, or roaming, data generated through SS7 network 560; for instance, mobility data stored in a visited location register (VLR), which can reside in memory 530. Moreover, CS gateway node(s) 512 interfaces CS-based traffic and signaling and PS gateway node(s) 518. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, CS gateway node(s) 512 can be realized at least in part in gateway GPRS support node(s) (GGSN). It should be appreciated that functionality and specific operation of CS gateway node(s) 512, PS gateway node(s) 518, and serving node(s) 516, is provided and dictated by radio technology(ies) utilized by mobile network platform 510 for telecommunication over a radio access network 520 with other devices, such as a radiotelephone 575.

In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic and signaling, PS gateway node(s) 518 can authorize and authenticate PS-based data sessions with served mobile devices. Data sessions can comprise traffic, or content(s), exchanged with networks external to the mobile network platform 510, like wide area network(s) (WANs) 550, enterprise network(s) 570, and service network(s) 580, which can be embodied in local area network(s) (LANs), can also be interfaced with mobile network platform 510 through PS gateway node(s) 518. It is to be noted that WANs 550 and enterprise network(s) 570 can embody, at least in part, a service network(s) like IP multimedia subsystem (IMS). Based on radio technology layer(s) available in technology resource(s) or radio access network 520, PS gateway node(s) 518 can generate packet data protocol contexts when a data session is established; other data structures that facilitate routing of packetized data also can be generated. To that end, in an aspect, PS gateway node(s) 518 can comprise a tunnel interface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in 3GPP UMTS network(s) (not shown)) which can facilitate packetized communication with disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Fi networks.

In embodiment 500, mobile network platform 510 also comprises serving node(s) 516 that, based upon available radio technology layer(s) within technology resource(s) in the radio access network 520, convey the various packetized flows of data streams received through PS gateway node(s) 518. It is to be noted that for technology resource(s) that rely primarily on CS communication, server node(s) can deliver traffic without reliance on PS gateway node(s) 518; for example, server node(s) can embody at least in part a mobile switching center. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) 516 can be embodied in serving GPRS support node(s) (SGSN).

For radio technologies that exploit packetized communication, server(s) 514 in mobile network platform 510 can execute numerous applications that can generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows, and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Such application(s) can comprise add-on features to standard services (for example, provisioning, billing, customer support . . . ) provided by mobile network platform 510. Data streams (e.g., content(s) that are part of a voice call or data session) can be conveyed to PS gateway node(s) 518 for authorization/authentication and initiation of a data session, and to serving node(s) 516 for communication thereafter. In addition to application server, server(s) 514 can comprise utility server(s), a utility server can comprise a provisioning server, an operations and maintenance server, a security server that can implement at least in part a certificate authority and firewalls as well as other security mechanisms, and the like. In an aspect, security server(s) secure communication served through mobile network platform 510 to ensure network's operation and data integrity in addition to authorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s) 512 and PS gateway node(s) 518 can enact. Moreover, provisioning server(s) can provision services from external network(s) like networks operated by a disparate service provider; for instance, WAN 550 or Global Positioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). Provisioning server(s) can also provision coverage through networks associated to mobile network platform 510 (e.g., deployed and operated by the same service provider), such as the distributed antennas networks shown in FIG. 1(s) that enhance wireless service coverage by providing more network coverage.

It is to be noted that server(s) 514 can comprise one or more processors configured to confer at least in part the functionality of mobile network platform 510. To that end, the one or more processor can execute code instructions stored in memory 530, for example. It is should be appreciated that server(s) 514 can comprise a content manager, which operates in substantially the same manner as described hereinbefore.

In example embodiment 500, memory 530 can store information related to operation of mobile network platform 510. Other operational information can comprise provisioning information of mobile devices served through mobile network platform 510, subscriber databases; application intelligence, pricing schemes, e.g., promotional rates, flat-rate programs, couponing campaigns; technical specification(s) consistent with telecommunication protocols for operation of disparate radio, or wireless, technology layers; and so forth. Memory 530 can also store information from at least one of telephony network(s) 540, WAN 550, SS7 network 560, or enterprise network(s) 570. In an aspect, memory 530 can be, for example, accessed as part of a data store component or as a remotely connected memory store.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter, FIG. 5, and the following discussion, are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented. While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination with other program modules. Generally, program modules comprise routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.

Turning now to FIG. 6, an illustrative embodiment of a communication device 600 is shown. The communication device 600 can serve as an illustrative embodiment of devices such as data terminals 114, mobile devices 124, vehicle 126, display devices 144 or other client devices for communication via either communications network 125. For example, computing device 600 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the first plurality of traffic items is labeled with a first label as video traffic, obtaining a second plurality of traffic items, wherein each traffic item of the second plurality of traffic items is labeled with a second label as non-video traffic, generating a model in accordance with the first plurality of traffic items, the first label, the second plurality of traffic items, and the second label, obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying the model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, and generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction. Computing device 600 can facilitate in whole or in part obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction, and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction and the first score. Computing device 600 can facilitate in whole or in part applying a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items, generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification, determining that the first score is greater than a first threshold, and responsive to determining that the first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the classification, resulting in a modified model.

The communication device 600 can comprise a wireline and/or wireless transceiver 602 (herein transceiver 602), a user interface (UI) 604, a power supply 614, a location receiver 616, a motion sensor 618, an orientation sensor 620, and a controller 606 for managing operations thereof. The transceiver 602 can support short-range or long-range wireless access technologies such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, WiFi, DECT, or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few (Bluetooth® and ZigBee® are trademarks registered by the Bluetooth® Special Interest Group and the ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellular technologies can include, for example, CDMA-1X, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS, TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless communication technologies as they arise. The transceiver 602 can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireline access technologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireline access technologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP, etc.), and combinations thereof.

The UI 604 can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad 608 with a navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or a navigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device 600. The keypad 608 can be an integral part of a housing assembly of the communication device 600 or an independent device operably coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or a wireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The keypad 608 can represent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTY keypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI 604 can further include a display 610 such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology for conveying images to an end user of the communication device 600. In an embodiment where the display 610 is touch-sensitive, a portion or all of the keypad 608 can be presented by way of the display 610 with navigation features.

The display 610 can use touch screen technology to also serve as a user interface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, the communication device 600 can be adapted to present a user interface having graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by a user with a touch of a finger. The display 610 can be equipped with capacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect how much surface area of a user's finger has been placed on a portion of the touch screen display. This sensing information can be used to control the manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the user interface. The display 610 can be an integral part of the housing assembly of the communication device 600 or an independent device communicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a cable) or a wireless interface.

The UI 604 can also include an audio system 612 that utilizes audio technology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard in proximity of a human ear) and high volume audio (such as speakerphone for hands free operation). The audio system 612 can further include a microphone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audio system 612 can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI 604 can further include an image sensor 613 such as a charged coupled device (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images.

The power supply 614 can utilize common power management technologies such as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulation technologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energy to the components of the communication device 600 to facilitate long-range or short-range portable communications. Alternatively, or in combination, the charging system can utilize external power sources such as DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port or other suitable tethering technologies.

The location receiver 616 can utilize location technology such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS for identifying a location of the communication device 600 based on signals generated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used for facilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor 618 can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motion of the communication device 600 in three-dimensional space. The orientation sensor 620 can utilize orientation sensing technology such as a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device 600 (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations in degrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics).

The communication device 600 can use the transceiver 602 to also determine a proximity to a cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth®, or other wireless access points by sensing techniques such as utilizing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival (TOA) or time of flight (TOF) measurements. The controller 606 can utilize computing technologies such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and/or a video processor with associated storage memory such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologies for executing computer instructions, controlling, and processing data supplied by the aforementioned components of the communication device 600.

Other components not shown in FIG. 6 can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure. For instance, the communication device 600 can include a slot for adding or removing an identity module such as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card or Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC). SIM or UICC cards can be used for identifying subscriber services, executing programs, storing subscriber data, and so on.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, as used in the claims, unless otherwise clear by context, is for clarity only and doesn't otherwise indicate or imply any order in time. For instance, “a first determination,” “a second determination,” and “a third determination,” does not indicate or imply that the first determination is to be made before the second determination, or vice versa, etc.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile and nonvolatile memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, disk storage, and memory storage. Further, nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can comprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory.

Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter can be practiced with other computer system configurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, smartphone, watch, tablet computers, netbook computers, etc.), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network; however, some if not all aspects of the subject disclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

In one or more embodiments, information regarding use of services can be generated including services being accessed, media consumption history, user preferences, and so forth. This information can be obtained by various methods including user input, detecting types of communications (e.g., video content vs. audio content), analysis of content streams, sampling, and so forth. The generating, obtaining and/or monitoring of this information can be responsive to an authorization provided by the user. In one or more embodiments, an analysis of data can be subject to authorization from user(s) associated with the data, such as an opt-in, an opt-out, acknowledgement requirements, notifications, selective authorization based on types of data, and so forth.

Some of the embodiments described herein can also employ artificial intelligence (AI) to facilitate automating one or more features described herein. The embodiments (e.g., in connection with automatically identifying acquired cell sites that provide a maximum value/benefit after addition to an existing communication network) can employ various AI-based schemes for carrying out various embodiments thereof. Moreover, the classifier can be employed to determine a ranking or priority of each cell site of the acquired network. A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, . . . , xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, that is, f(x)=confidence (class). Such classification can employ a probabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring into the analysis utilities and costs) to determine or infer an action that a user desires to be automatically performed. A support vector machine (SVM) is an example of a classifier that can be employed. The SVM operates by finding a hypersurface in the space of possible inputs, which the hypersurface attempts to split the triggering criteria from the non-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classification correct for testing data that is near, but not identical to training data. Other directed and undirected model classification approaches comprise, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification models providing different patterns of independence can be employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statistical regression that is utilized to develop models of priority.

As will be readily appreciated, one or more of the embodiments can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing UE behavior, operator preferences, historical information, receiving extrinsic information). For example, SVMs can be configured via a learning or training phase within a classifier constructor and feature selection module. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automatically learn and perform a number of functions, including but not limited to determining according to predetermined criteria which of the acquired cell sites will benefit a maximum number of subscribers and/or which of the acquired cell sites will add minimum value to the existing communication network coverage, etc.

As used in some contexts in this application, in some embodiments, the terms “component,” “system” and the like are intended to refer to, or comprise, a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, wherein the entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. As an example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration and not limitation, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmware application executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. While various components have been illustrated as separate components, it will be appreciated that multiple components can be implemented as a single component, or a single component can be implemented as multiple components, without departing from example embodiments.

Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or computer-readable storage/communications media. For example, computer readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive). Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications can be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.

In addition, the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to mean serving as an instance or illustration. Any embodiment or design described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. Rather, use of the word example or exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms such as “user equipment,” “mobile station,” “mobile,” subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” “mobile device” (and/or terms representing similar terminology) can refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably herein and with reference to the related drawings.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer” and the like are employed interchangeably throughout, unless context warrants particular distinctions among the terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based, at least, on complex mathematical formalisms), which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

As employed herein, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

As used herein, terms such as “data storage,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components or computer-readable storage media, described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory.

What has been described above includes mere examples of various embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing these examples, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the present embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed and/or claimed herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via one or more intervening items. Such items and intervening items include, but are not limited to, junctions, communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, functional blocks, and/or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signal conveyed from a first item to a second item may be modified by one or more intervening items by modifying the form, nature or format of information in a signal, while one or more elements of the information in the signal are nevertheless conveyed in a manner than can be recognized by the second item. In a further example of indirect coupling, an action in a first item can cause a reaction on the second item, as a result of actions and/or reactions in one or more intervening items.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement which achieves the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the embodiments described or shown by the subject disclosure. The subject disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure. For instance, one or more features from one or more embodiments can be combined with one or more features of one or more other embodiments. In one or more embodiments, features that are positively recited can also be negatively recited and excluded from the embodiment with or without replacement by another structural and/or functional feature. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed in any order. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed alone or in combination with other steps or functions of the subject disclosure, as well as from other embodiments or from other steps that have not been described in the subject disclosure. Further, more than or less than all of the features described with respect to an embodiment can also be utilized. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a processing system including a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising: obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted; applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item, without decrypting the first unlabeled traffic item, to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item; generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction; and responsive to a determination that the first score is less than a first threshold and greater than a second threshold, performing a first test on the first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the performing of the first test on the first unlabeled traffic item enhances the first score, resulting in a first enhanced first score.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: allocating a resource of a communications network in accordance with the first prediction and the first score.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the allocating of the resource of the communications network comprises selecting an operating parameter of the resource.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the first enhanced first score is greater than a third threshold; and responsive to the determining that the first enhanced first score is greater than the third threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the first prediction to generate a modified model.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the operations further comprise: obtaining a second unlabeled traffic item, wherein the second unlabeled traffic item is encrypted; and applying the modified model to the second unlabeled traffic item to generate a second prediction regarding whether the second unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the operations further comprise: generating a second score that is representative of a second confidence of the second prediction; and outputting, via a user interface, an indication of the first prediction, the first score, the first enhanced first score, the second prediction, the second score, or a combination thereof.
 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the first enhanced first score is greater than the first threshold; and responsive to the determining that the first enhanced first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the first prediction to generate a modified model.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: responsive to the performing of the first test, incrementing a value of a counter.
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the first enhanced first score is less than the first threshold and greater than the second threshold; responsive to the determining that the first enhanced first score is less than the first threshold and greater than the second threshold, determining that the value of the counter is less than a third threshold; and responsive to the determining that the value of the counter is less than the third threshold, performing a second test on the first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the performing of the second test on the first unlabeled traffic item enhances the first enhanced first score, resulting in a second enhanced first score.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the second enhanced first score is greater than the first threshold; and responsive to the determining that the second enhanced first score is greater than the first threshold, refining the model in accordance with at least the first prediction to generate a modified model.
 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the first enhanced first score is less than the first threshold and greater than the second threshold; responsive to the determining that the first enhanced first score is less than the first threshold and greater than the second threshold, determining that the value of the counter is greater than a third threshold; and responsive to the determining that the value of the counter is greater than the third threshold, excluding the first unlabeled traffic item from a refinement of the model.
 12. A non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising: obtaining a first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted; applying a model to the first unlabeled traffic item, without decrypting the first unlabeled traffic item, to generate a first prediction regarding whether the first unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item; generating a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the first prediction; and based at least on a determination that the first score is less than a first threshold, performing a first test on the first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the performing of the first test on the first unlabeled traffic item enhances the first score, resulting in a first enhanced first score.
 13. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the applying of the model to the first unlabeled traffic item results in an identification of at least one parameter of the first unlabeled traffic item, and wherein the first prediction is based on the identification of the at least one parameter.
 14. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a plurality of parameters, and wherein the plurality of parameters includes at least two of: a number of bytes transmitted or received as a function of time; a server name indication (SNI) identifier, a domain name identifier, or a combination thereof; and a summary of data of the first unlabeled traffic item in terms of throughput, duration, or a combination thereof.
 15. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise: generating the model in accordance with a plurality of labels, wherein each label of the plurality of labels is associated with a respective labeled traffic item included in a plurality of labeled traffic items.
 16. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the generating of the model comprises establishing a relationship between each label and patterns in the respective labeled traffic item.
 17. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise: refining the model in accordance with the first prediction and the first score, resulting in a modified model; obtaining a second unlabeled traffic item; and applying the modified model to the second unlabeled traffic item to generate a second prediction regarding whether the second unlabeled traffic item is a video traffic item or a non-video traffic item.
 18. A method, comprising: applying, by a processing system including a processor, a model to a first unlabeled traffic item to generate a classification of the first unlabeled traffic item as a first class of traffic items or a second class of traffic items; generating, by the processing system, a first score that is representative of a first confidence of the classification; and responsive to a determination that the first score is less than a first threshold, performing, by the processing system, a first test on the first unlabeled traffic item, wherein the performing of the first test on the first unlabeled traffic item enhances the first score, resulting in a first enhanced first score.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first unlabeled traffic item is encrypted, and wherein the applying of the model to the first unlabeled traffic item is performed without decrypting the first unlabeled traffic item.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first class corresponds to a video traffic item and the second class corresponds to a non-video traffic item. 